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The Great Pyramid of Giza stands as the last remaining wonder of the ancient world. Commissioned by the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Khufu, the massive pyramid was constructed using approximately 2.3 million limestone and granite blocks, each weighing between 2.5 and 15 tons. For decades, historians and engineers have debated the exact methods used to quarry, transport, and align these massive stones with absolute geographic precision.
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Recent archaeological discoveries, including the Diary of Merer—a logbook written by an Egyptian official involved in transporting limestone—have illuminated the sophisticated logistics behind the construction. Tens of thousands of skilled workers were housed in nearby temporary cities, using a network of artificial canals to transport blocks directly to the site via the Nile River. The alignment of the pyramid’s base to true north within one-tenth of a degree showcases an astonishing mastery of astronomy and geometry in the 3rd millennium BCE.
26th Century BCE (c. 2560 BCE)
